USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination) Step 1 Practice Exam

What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and the mother?

1. Reduces infant infections only

2. Decreases maternal risk of breast cancer only

3. Reduces infant infections and maternal risk of breast and ovarian cancer

4. Increases maternal risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer

The correct answer is: Reduces infant infections and maternal risk of breast and ovarian cancer

Breastfeeding provides significant benefits for both infants and mothers, which is why the correct choice identifies both reduced infant infections and a decrease in maternal risk of certain cancers, specifically breast and ovarian cancer. For infants, breastfeeding is optimal for nutrition and immunological protection. Breast milk contains essential nutrients, antibodies, and various bioactive components that help strengthen the infant's immune system, leading to a marked reduction in infections such as gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. This immunological support is crucial during the early stages of life when infants are particularly vulnerable to infections. For mothers, breastfeeding has been associated with a lower risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Studies indicate that prolonged breastfeeding can reduce estrogen exposure, which is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of these cancers. Additionally, breastfeeding can promote quicker postpartum recovery and can aid in weight loss after pregnancy, both of which can have long-lasting health benefits. This multifaceted protective effect, both for infants and mothers, underscores the value of breastfeeding beyond just one dimension of health, making choice C comprehensive and accurate.