USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination) Step 1 Practice Exam

What are the consequences of cryptorchidism in males?

1. Increased testosterone levels

2. Increased sperm count

3. Risk for infertility and seminoma

4. Normal inhibin levels

The correct answer is: Risk for infertility and seminoma

Cryptorchidism, or the undescended testicle condition, can have significant consequences for male reproductive health. The primary concerns relate to the increased risk for infertility and certain types of testicular cancer, particularly seminoma. When the testes do not descend into the scrotum, they remain in a warmer environment within the abdomen or inguinal canal. This elevated temperature can disrupt normal spermatogenesis, leading to lower sperm production and potential infertility. Additionally, the improper positioning of the testes increases the risk of developing testicular cancer later in life. Studies have shown that males with a history of cryptorchidism have a significantly higher incidence of testicular tumors, including seminomas. Normal levels of testosterone are typically maintained, especially if hormonal function is otherwise normal. However, the adverse effects on fertility and increased cancer risk are the critical outcomes associated with this condition, making it paramount to monitor and possibly treat cryptorchidism early in life.